A multinational cross-sectional study on the prevalence and predictors of long COVID across 33 countries
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Nature Research
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Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Gharbia, Tanta, Egypt; School of Public Health, Al-Quds University - Abu Dees, Jerusalem, Palestine; Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States; Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Faculty of Medicine, Menofia University, Menofia, Shibin El Kom, Egypt; PureHealth, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt; Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine; Institute of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan; Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minya, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Qalubiya, Egypt; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, SP, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Gharbia, Egypt; Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Electron Microscope Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, New Damietta, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Health, Upo University, Novara, Italy; Taqati Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syrian Arab Republic; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syrian Arab Republic; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tartous University, Tartous, Syrian Arab Republic; Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab International University, Ghabaghib, Syrian Arab Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic; Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic; Faculty of Medicine, University of Kalamoon, Rif Dimashq Governorate, Deir Atiyah, Syrian Arab Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine of Algiers, University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria; Faculty of Medicine, Constantine, Algeria; Faculty of Medicine, Abou Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen, Algeria; Faculty of Medicine, Salah Boubnider University, Constantine, Algeria; Faculty of Medicine, Ahmed Ben Bella University, Oran, Algeria; Faculty of Medicine, Batna University, Batna, Algeria; Telecommunications Engineer, Jaen University, Jaén, Spain; Dr. Haifa Eye Hospital, Manama, Bahrain; Faculty of Nursing, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia; King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan; Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; Department Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Tobruk, Tobruk, Libya; National Centre for Disease Control, Tobruk, Libya; Libyan Medical Research Centre, Kambut, Tobruk, Libya; Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; Faculty of Medicine, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya; Department of Public Health, College of Medical Technology, Derna, Libya; MENA Research Group, Derna, Libya; Faculty of Science, Azzaytuna University, Tarhuna, Libya; Ministry of Health, Benghazi, Libya; Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarka, Jordan; Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Duhok University, Kurdistan, Iraq; Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh, Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan; College of Pharmacy, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS), Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Lahore College Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Jr Hospital Pharmacist, Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine’s Patient Welfare Society, KPK, Peshawar, Pakistan; Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Hamdard University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Chak Shahzad, Pakistan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Faculty of Health Science, National Open University, Minna Study Center, Niger, Nigeria; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Obafemi Awolowo University, Osun State, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; College of Health Science, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz Medical University, Tabriz, Iran; College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Pharmacy, Kathmandu University, Kavre, Dhulikhel, Nepal; School of International Education, Hainan Medical University, Xueyuan Road, Longhua District, Hainan, Haikou, China; Asian College for Advance Studies, Purbanchal University, Lalitpur, Nepal; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia; George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States; Fairleigh Dickinson University, Morris County, NJ, United States; School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Faculty of Medicine, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yan’an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, China; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China; Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, Yinchuan, China; International Food and Drug Policy Law and Research Center, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; China Three Gorges University, Hubei, Yichang, China; East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust - Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom; Soochow University, Suzhou, China; School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Public Health, Atish Dipankar University of Science & Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh; BDRCS Field Hospital, Bangladesh Red Crescent Society, PMO, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh; Emergency Medical Officer, Oasis Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Medicine, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Radiology & Imaging, Mugda Medical Collage Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Clinical Trial Coordinator, BADAS Paediatric Diabetes Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Hospital Shell, Pastaza Province, Shell, Mera Canton, Ecuador; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Americas, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad Espiritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Fundacion Vozandes, Quito, Carapungo, Ecuador; CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico; Hospital de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, Residente Pediatria, León-Guanajuato, Mexico; Faculty of Health Sciences, Frank Ogden School of Medicine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Pharmacist In Charge, Protos Pharmaceuticals, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador; CENTRO MEDICO CLINIC SALUD ISLA DE MAIPO CHILE, Isla de Maipo, Chile; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Dermatology Resident et al-Thawra Hospital- Arab Board of Health Specialization, Sanaa, Yemen; College of Medicine, University of Hadhramout, Hadhramout, Yemen; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), University of London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine, Sana’a University, Sanaa, Yemen; Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Aden, Yemen; Thamar University Faculty of Medicine, Thamar, Yemen; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
Zaazouee M.S., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt; Nada E.A., Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Gharbia, Tanta, Egypt; Al-kafarna M., School of Public Health, Al-Quds University - Abu Dees, Jerusalem, Palestine; Shaheen A., Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Ramu S.K., Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States; Hafez A.H., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Matar S.G., Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan; Assar A., Faculty of Medicine, Menofia University, Menofia, Shibin El Kom, Egypt; Elshennawy M., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt; Abu El-Enien H., PureHealth, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Redwan H.J., Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; Elsayed S.M., Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt; Omran M.J., Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; Salloum O.H., Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine; Almadhoon H., Institute of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Mamdouh M., Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt; Wahsh E.A., Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt; Nourelden A.Z., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Elshanbary A.A., Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Abdel-Aziz W., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt; Rashid H.H., Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; Basheti I., Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Ragab K.M., Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minya, Egypt; Masoud A.T., Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt; Abushouk A.I., Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Onyango M., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Al-Khadher A., Thamar University Faculty of Medicine, Thamar, Yemen; Alsoufi A.M., Faculty of Medicine, Sana’a University, Sanaa, Yemen, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Aden, Yemen; Yousef N.M., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), University of London, London, United Kingdom; Maknoon A.S., College of Medicine, University of Hadhramout, Hadhramout, Yemen; Al-Akhdhary A.S.A.A., Dermatology Resident et al-Thawra Hospital- Arab Board of Health Specialization, Sanaa, Yemen; Kenna O., Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Aboumedian F.Z., Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Bouhajra M., Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Kessab S., Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Aboumedian A., Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Aji N., Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Ahumada P.L., CENTRO MEDICO CLINIC SALUD ISLA DE MAIPO CHILE, Isla de Maipo, Chile; Rosero T.E.B., CENTRO MEDICO CLINIC SALUD ISLA DE MAIPO CHILE, Isla de Maipo, Chile; Valencia C.A.U., CENTRO MEDICO CLINIC SALUD ISLA DE MAIPO CHILE, Isla de Maipo, Chile; Castro I.R.C., Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador; Mancia C.E.H., Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador; Neyyar F., Pharmacist In Charge, Protos Pharmaceuticals, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Khaled E., Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Mehmetoğlu M., Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Zahra O., Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Doğan S., Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Zekey Z.C., Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; Clovis I., Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Japhet M., Faculty of Health Sciences, Frank Ogden School of Medicine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Bénit N., Faculty of Health Sciences, Frank Ogden School of Medicine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Kévin I., Faculty of Health Sciences, Frank Ogden School of Medicine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Carmella I.D., Faculty of Health Sciences, Frank Ogden School of Medicine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Harushimana C., Faculty of Health Sciences, Frank Ogden School of Medicine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Carine M., Faculty of Health Sciences, Frank Ogden School of Medicine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Bosco M., Faculty of Health Sciences, Frank Ogden School of Medicine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Fabrice N., Faculty of Health Sciences, Frank Ogden School of Medicine, Hope Africa University, Bujumbura, Burundi; Prieto E.E.R., Hospital de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, Residente Pediatria, León-Guanajuato, Mexico; Jácome K.A.C., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico; Estrada P.M.D., CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico; Hernandez C.P., Fundacion Vozandes, Quito, Carapungo, Ecuador; Collahuazo W.A.E., Universidad Espiritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Chalco M.J.R., Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Americas, Quito, Ecuador; Guerrero M.A.M., Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de las Americas, Quito, Ecuador; Jima J.C.P., Hospital Shell, Pastaza Province, Shell, Mera Canton, Ecuador; Estrella A., Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Flabe A.H., Clinical Trial Coordinator, BADAS Paediatric Diabetes Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Mou F.E., Radiology & Imaging, Mugda Medical Collage Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Mohamed A., School of Medicine, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Saha A., Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Ahmed S., Emergency Medical Officer, Oasis Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Murad K.H., BDRCS Field Hospital, Bangladesh Red Crescent Society, PMO, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh; Ismail A., Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Farhat S., Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Hammoud Z., Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Ali Z.M., Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Ghaddar S.A., Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Jamal M.E., Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Amensisa E.D., School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Hagos E.H., School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Girma S.M., School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Gemechu F.A., School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Negussie M.A., School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Belay F.M., School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Beesetty A., Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Quader K.S., East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust - Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom; Chowdhury A.A.N., China Three Gorges University, Hubei, Yichang, China; Aslam F., International Food and Drug Policy Law and Research Center, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Saikat S.N., Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, Yinchuan, China; Shahriar H., Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China; Liza S.S., Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China; Akhi N.T., Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Haque M.A., Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yan’an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, Kunming, China, Department of Public Health, Atish Dipankar University of Science & Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Bhatele R., Faculty of Medicine, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov, Moscow, Russian Federation; Verma A., Faculty of Medicine, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov, Moscow, Russian Federation; Vaibhav A., Faculty of Medicine, First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov, Moscow, Russian Federation; Nair D., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Cherian N.A., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Jouda N.E.H.B., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Alomari H.A.Y.M., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Affoni W.S.A.M., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Roy S., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Mahdi M.S., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Regi K., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Thomas J.E., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; AlHoda M.M., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Qassim T., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Alabadla M.A.O., School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain; Ghattas P., Fairleigh Dickinson University, Morris County, NJ, United States; Abdelmonem E., Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States; Petric R., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Buta B.A., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Andrei-Iulian E., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Darius-Gabriel R., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Pop M.A., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Pop P.A., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Nicolae-Dochian R., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Doru M., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Dariana P., George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology from Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania; Ellethy H., School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia; Shohayeb B., Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; lekhak V., Department of Pharmacy, Kathmandu University, Kavre, Dhulikhel, Nepal; Khatri B.D., Asian College for Advance Studies, Purbanchal University, Lalitpur, Nepal; Awal S., School of International Education, Hainan Medical University, Xueyuan Road, Longhua District, Hainan, Haikou, China; Gwachha S., Department of Pharmacy, Kathmandu University, Kavre, Dhulikhel, Nepal; Abdi D.A., College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Jabbar H.K., College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Ibraheem M., College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Khalaf H.R., College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Khalaf F.R., College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Hussein D.S., College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Farj J.W., College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Duhok, Iraq; Tavakkoli S., Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz Medical University, Tabriz, Iran; Muhammad B.S., College of Health Science, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Daniel J.O.I., Obafemi Awolowo University, Osun State, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Adedeji A.-A.A., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Chiemekam O.F., Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Abikoye J.E., Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Adam Y.F., Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Bisoye D.A., Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Abdulkarim M., Faculty of Health Science, National Open University, Minna Study Center, Niger, Nigeria; Chikezie N.C., Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Hamza H.A., Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Lahore, Pakistan; Asghar S., Department of Pharmacy, Hamdard University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, Chak Shahzad, Pakistan; Zaidi S.K.H., Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan; Ikram J., Jr Hospital Pharmacist, Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine’s Patient Welfare Society, KPK, Peshawar, Pakistan; Ahmed A., Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; panhwar I.U., Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; Qamar F., Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan; Liaqat S., Department of Pharmacy, Lahore College Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Khan A., Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Lahore, Pakistan; Hilal S., Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Absar S., College of Pharmacy, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS), Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan; Bhutto A.A., College of Pharmacy, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS), Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan; Mughal G.M., Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh, Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan; Stamatis K., Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece; Izountouemoi G.E., Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Danai P., Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Karakosta A., Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Samara E., Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Tango T., Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Sosiawan A., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Rizky B.N., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Bramantoro T., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Sitalaksmi R.M., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Rizqiawan A., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Ernawati D.S., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Ridwan R.D., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Nugraha A.P., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Ramadhani N.F., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Setyowati D., Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Arsalan H.H., Faculty of Pharmacy, Duhok University, Kurdistan, Iraq; Touka D., Faculty of Pharmacy, Duhok University, Kurdistan, Iraq; Alkhraibat A.A., Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Alabdullah S.S., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Alsafadi W.F., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Odeh R.S., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; AlAdwan M.M., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Aljeradat B.G.M., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Al-Qaryouti R.A., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Abumurra N.M., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Tannous L.A., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Awamleh T.N., Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University, Amman, Jordan; Elkishik Z.A.A., Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarka, Jordan; Ishqair A., Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarka, Jordan; Alazq E.E., Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; Hijazi H.A., Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; Almehdawi K.A., Ministry of Health, Benghazi, Libya; Abushiba M.A., Faculty of Science, Azzaytuna University, Tarhuna, Libya; Elzahaf R.A., Department of Public Health, College of Medical Technology, Derna, Libya, MENA Research Group, Derna, Libya; Abushaala F.I., Faculty of Medicine, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya; Egzait R.A., Faculty of Medicine, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya; Ibreerah A.H., Faculty of Medicine, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya; Benismail I.M., Faculty of Medicine, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya; Abdulali F.A., Faculty of Medicine, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya; Alsharif F.A., Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; Ismail F., Department Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Tobruk, Tobruk, Libya, National Centre for Disease Control, Tobruk, Libya, Libyan Medical Research Centre, Kambut, Tobruk, Libya; Merghani I.H.A.E., Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan; Elkareem F.A.E.M.A., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan; Alhakari H.A., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan; Abdelmgeed W.I.M., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan; Thabit S.F.A., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan; Basrawi B.A.M., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan; Ibrahim F.E.E.M., Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Magzoub H., Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Elobeid R.A., Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; mohamedahmed R.S., Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Omer T.A.H., Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Abdelraheem E.M.H., Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Belay S.A., Department of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Khired Z., Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia; Abd El Razek Ibrahim Mady W., King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Aboregela A.M., College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia; Alharbi A.A., Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; Alrshedi S.M., Faculty of Nursing, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia; Almeer J., Dr. Haifa Eye Hospital, Manama, Bahrain; Kherbache A., Telecommunications Engineer, Jaen University, Jaén, Spain; Memmou B., Faculty of Medicine, Batna University, Batna, Algeria; Amrani M.Z., Faculty of Medicine, Ahmed Ben Bella University, Oran, Algeria; Khellafi R., Faculty of Medicine, Ahmed Ben Bella University, Oran, Algeria; Belmerabet H., Faculty of Medicine, Salah Boubnider University, Constantine, Algeria; Hammoumi H., Faculty of Medicine, Abou Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen, Algeria; Chaib S., Faculty of Medicine, Constantine, Algeria; Meguellatni H.E., Faculty of Medicine, Constantine, Algeria; Belhocine B., Faculty of Medicine of Algiers, University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria; Rais M.A., Faculty of Medicine of Algiers, University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria; Alhosni H., Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Malih A.N., Faculty of Medicine, University of Kalamoon, Rif Dimashq Governorate, Deir Atiyah, Syrian Arab Republic; Alashkar E.S.A., Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic; Dalati L., Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic; Radeef S.A., Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic; Al Hosni A.M.M., Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab International University, Ghabaghib, Syrian Arab Republic; Moustafa N.H., Faculty of Pharmacy, Tartous University, Tartous, Syrian Arab Republic; Aldeeb H., Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syrian Arab Republic; Ibrahim R.H., Taqati Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syrian Arab Republic; Alibrahem G.M., Faculty of Health, Upo University, Novara, Italy; Shetia A.G.A., Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Abouelmagd K., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, New Damietta, Egypt; Elshafey G.M., Electron Microscope Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt; Elghany A.M.R.A., Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Ezz M.R., Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Gharbia, Egypt; Elsaied M.S., Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Gharbia, Egypt; Masoud M.A., Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Gharbia, Egypt; Akhtar M.S., Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Jakharia P., Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Noela W.J., Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Patel H.G., Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Hussein N.A., Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Cyrus K., Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Chaudhry T.H., Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Zaho N.M.A.-A.M., Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Filho R.S., Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, SP, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil; Seabra J.V.E., Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, SP, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil; de Sousa F.C., Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, SP, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil; Deltreggia F., Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, SP, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil; Roncon G.M., Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, SP, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil; Gomes V.C., Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, SP, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil; Darian A.Q., Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, SP, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil; Elhady M.M., Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Qalubiya, Egypt; Ramadan R.S., Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt; Tawfeek S.E., Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt; Moustafa T.R., Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt; Saber A.M., Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt; Elhameed M.A., Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; Ali M.M., Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; Soliman H.A., Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; Elsayed M.A., Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; Elgendy D.S., Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; Abdalraouf M.M., Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; Mahmoud A.M., Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; Gebremeskel B.A., ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mahmoud E.S., Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt; Ibrahim D.O.Y., Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt; Fathallah A.H., Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minya, Egypt; Al Zaalan N.M., Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; Jabari A.Y., Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine; Al-Ali F.H., Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine; Abusabha S.E., Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine; Aljuneidi R.M., Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine; Badawi M.Y., Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine; Deeb Y.M., Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; Elhajjar S.A., Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; Turk S.U., Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; AbdAlrazeq Y.R., Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; Khrawat H.R., Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; Almaghary B.K., Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine; El-deen A.M.N., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Alwarraqi A.G., Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Hamed A.A.H., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt; Saleh A.A., Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
M.S. Zaazouee; Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt; email: MohamedZaazouee.stu.6.44@azhar.edu.eg
2
10.1038/s41598-025-10120-z
Covid-19; Long Covid; Multi-national; Re-infection; Vaccination
Adolescent; Adult; Aged; COVID-19; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Quality of Life; Risk Factors; SARS-CoV-2; Young Adult; adolescent; adult; aged; complication; coronavirus disease 2019; cross-sectional study; epidemiology; female; human; isolation and purification; male; middle aged; prevalence; quality of life; risk factor; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; young adult
