Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1

Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany; Division of Cardiology, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Styria, Austria; Department of Hepatitis and HIV, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institut fur Pflanzenbiochemie, Halle, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Food Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Kræftens Bekæmpelse, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Medical Biology, UiT Norges Arktiske Universitet, Tromso, Troms Og Finnmark, Norway; Universidad de la Laguna, San Cristobal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States; University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Medizinische Universitat Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria; Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Università della Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy; Section of Protein Structure and Function, National Eye Institute (NEI), Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Southern District, Israel; Division of Nephrology, Birmingham, AL, United States; Inflammation Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States; Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, PA, Italy; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Departement Cellulaire en Moleculaire Geneeskunde, Leuven, Vlaams-Brabant, Belgium; Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, PB, India; School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom; John Sealy School of Medicine, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, ME, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Providencia, RM, Chile; Lysosomes and Artificial Intelligence Group, Institutionen för Experimentell Medicinsk Vetenskap, Lund, Skane, Sweden; Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan; Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey; Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Insight, Flint, MI, United States; Université McGill, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Sachsen, Germany; Department of Experimental Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, RM, Italy; Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine; Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Program in Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell), Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Leioa, Biscay, Spain; Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Bethesda, MD, United States; The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France; Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy; School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Camerino, MC, Italy; Universidade do Porto, Porto, Porto, Portugal; TIGEM Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, NA, Italy; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Save as Ravi Manjithaya; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus Universitet, Aarhus, Midtjylland, Denmark; Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Nove de Julho, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, BO, Italy; Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, City of Hope National Med Center, Duarte, CA, United States; Tickle College of Engineering, Knoxville, TN, United States; College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH, United States; NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal; Universität zu Köln, Koln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany; School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Helsingin Yliopisto, Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland; Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Ile-de-France, France; Department of Pharmacology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan; The University of Osaka, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Horinouchi, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Plant Biology, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, MG, Brazil; Division of Respiratory Diseases, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom; CSIC - Instituto Cajal (IC), Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Physiology, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D.C., DC, United States; Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Microbiology, Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom; Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Toulouse, Occitanie, France; Department of Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Laboratorio de Oncohematología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina; Department of Biology, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States; Translational Genomics Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Para la Investigación del Hospital Clínico de Valencia - INCLIVA, Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, PA, Italy; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabancı Üniversitesi, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Tel Aviv District, Israel; Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, MA, Poland; Department of Pediatrics, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France; Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Departments of Pharmacology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, TO, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Milan, MI, Italy; Department of Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Padua, Italy; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, United States; Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, L-Università ta' Malta, Msida, Malta; Kogakuin University, Tokyo, Japan; Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, United States; Hanyang University ERICA Campus, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea; Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Università della Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy; Department of General Botany, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Poznan, Poland; Department of Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States; Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, WB, India; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Stockholms, Sweden; Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy; Department of Life Science, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, SI, Italy; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy; TIGEM Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, NA, Italy; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, NA, Italy; Institut de Recerca I Technologia Agroalimentaries, Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany; Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, Ankara, Turkey; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, United States; University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States; Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France; School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Chemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Università degli Studi di Bologna, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Bologna, BO, Italy; Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, RM, Italy; School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Pulmonology Department, Institut Municipal d'Investigacio Medica, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Munster, Ireland; Kræftens Bekæmpelse, Copenhagen, Denmark; Rice University, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, KA, India; Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Microbiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, United States; UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, WBR, Belgium; School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland; Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Ile-de-France, France; University of South Carolina - Upstate, Spartanburg, SC, United States; Sorbonne Université, Paris, Ile-de-France, France; The Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Ile-de-France, France; Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France; Department of Chemical & Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Metabolism and Lipids, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Lung Epithelial Biology Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Bayern, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany; Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, RM, Italy; Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, CEU Universities, Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Tel Aviv District, Israel; Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany; Metcalf Science and Engineering Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Sorbonne Université, Paris, Ile-de-France, France; Italian Liver Foundation, Trieste, Italy; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, RM, Italy; CSIC - Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB), Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pathophysiology, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Providencia, RM, Chile; Section of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, Ile-de-France, France; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain; Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Biology, Københavns Universitet, Copenhagen, Hovedstaden, Denmark; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, VD, Switzerland; Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom; Uniklinik Köln, Koln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany; Cell and Cancer Biology (MCCB), University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Health Sciences, Università degli studi Magna Graecia di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, CZ, Italy; Université Paris Cité, Paris, Ile-de-France, France; Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France; Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivieres, QC, Canada; University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, Occitanie, France; Universiteit Gent, Ghent, VOV, Belgium; Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; UNM School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, Bratislava, Slovakia; University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, CH, India; School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA, United States; Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, OR, India; Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; UNSW Medicine, Kensington, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine, Universitetssykehuset Nord-Norge, Tromso, Norway; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet, Trondheim, Trondelag, Norway; Department of Biology, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, LD, Poland; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköpings Universitet, Linkoping, Östergötland, Sweden; Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Stockholms, Sweden; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States; University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Munster, Ireland; Université de Lyon, Lyon, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France; Department of Molecular Medicine, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, PD, Italy; Sorbonne Université, Paris, Ile-de-France, France; Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, United States; West Virginia University School of Medicine Morgantown, Morgantown, WV, United States; Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom; Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Kræftens Bekæmpelse, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, RM, Italy; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany; Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, Kinderspital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pediatrics, CASE School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University Pullman, Pullman, WA, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Facultade de Veterinaria, Lugo, Lugo, Spain; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Université Paris Cité, Paris, Ile-de-France, France; UAB Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Styria, Austria; University Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, Ile-de-France, France; CSIC - Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Molecular Sciences, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Life Science, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany; Department of Medicine/Dental Medicine, Danube Private University (DPU), Krems an der Donau, Lower Austria, Austria; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, Germany; Universidad de Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile; Université Paris Cité, Paris, Ile-de-France, France; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Eye and Nutrition Research Group, CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, Ile-de-France, France; Department of Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico; UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Biology, Københavns Universitet, Copenhagen, Hovedstaden, Denmark; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; AMC, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States; University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Cellular and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, VA, Italy; Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Biology and Environment Science, Università del Salento, Lecce, LE, Italy; CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, Ile-de-France, France; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, United States; University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; College of Science, Tucson, AZ, United States; University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Montana BioAg. Inc., Missoula, IA, United States; Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, RM, Chile; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Vlaams-Brabant, Belgium; Department of Medical Genetics, Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie din Craiova, Craiova, Dolj, Romania; School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States; Institutionen för Molekylär biovetenskap, Wenner-Grens institut, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, VR, Italy; Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico; NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University–New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Physics, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Biological Sciences, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States; Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Lazio, Italy; Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Immunology, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Institut Curie, Paris, Île-de-France region, France; Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College University of London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, RM, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, SS, Italy; Faculty of Medicine, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, RM, Chile; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Inserm, Paris, Ile-de-France, France; Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Lleida, Spain; Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, NA, Italy; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Juan Canalejo, Corunna, A Coruña, Spain; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Instituto de Biotecnología de la UNAM, Cuernavaca, MOR, Mexico; University of Coimbra, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States; British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Universität Graz, Graz, Styria, Austria; Department of Immunology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, AN, Italy; Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, MO, Italy; Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France; Functional Genomics of Cardiomyopathies, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; UAB Department of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States; Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires, Marseille, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France; Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain; CSIC - Instituto de Quimica Avanzada de Cataluna (IQAC), Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Laboratory of Molecular Sensors, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, VS, Chile; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Cancer & Immunity”, Université Paris Cité, Paris, Ile-de-France, France; Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, BI, Chile; Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Setubal, Portugal; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universidad de la Laguna, San Cristobal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; Instituto de Fisiologia Celular de la UNAM, Mexico, Mexico; Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States; University of Coimbra, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal; Interdepartmental Research Centre of Ageing Biology and Pathology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, PI, Italy; Department of Molecular Biology, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria; Department of Surgery, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Cellular Microbiology, Forschungszentrum Borstel - Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Borstel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Bialymstoku, Bialystok, PD, Poland; Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, MI, Italy; Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Tarragona, Tarragones, Spain; School of Medicine, Escola de Medicina da Universidade do Minho, Braga, Braga, Portugal; Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department for Innovation in Biological, Università degli Studi della Tuscia Viterbo, Viterbo, VT, Italy; Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey; School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Stockholms, Sweden; Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, WB, India; Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, WB, India; Department of Applied Life Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan; Universität Gießen Fachbereich Medizin, Giessen, Hessen, Germany; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada; School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Grand Est, France; Complex Analysis Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, HR, India; Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute of Life Sciences India, Bhubaneswar, OR, India; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Academia Sinica, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Taipei, Taiwan; Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Laboratory for the Prevention and Rehabilitation of Training Related Injuries, Daping Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, Sichuan, China; Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Changhua, Taiwan; Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nut