Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection

Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Kaduna, Nigeria; Aminu Kano University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria; University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria; Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan; Lima Almenara, Lima, Peru; Hospital III José Cayetano Heredia, EsSalud, Piura, Piura, Peru; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Joseph N France Hospital, Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis; Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Western Cape, South Africa; Sundsvalls kommun, Sundsvall, Sweden; Ondokuz Mayis Üniversitesi, Samsun, Turkey; Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Trabzon, Turkey; Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, Highland, Scotland, United Kingdom; Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom; University of Dundee School of Medicine, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom; Royal Alexandra Hospital, Alexandra, Worcestershire, United Kingdom; Queen's Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Hospital Español de Veracruz, Veracruz, MEX, Mexico; Ibn Sina Hospital, Agdal Rabat, Agdal Rabat, Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer, Morocco; John Peter Smith Hospital Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, United States; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States; Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Ndola Central Hospital, Ndola, Zambia; St Francis Mission Hospital, Zambia; Simplemente Evita, Argentina; Hospital Luis Lagomaggiore, Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina; Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; AP-HP Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Etienne, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France; Baptist Medical Centre, Ghana; Athens Naval Hospital, Athens, Attica, Greece; Agios Savvas Anticancer Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece; Hospital Herrera Llerandi Amedesgua, Guatemala; Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, UP, India; Santa Rita Clinic, Vercelli, VC, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Ferrara, Cona, FE, Italy; Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, BS, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Lazio, Italy; Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, BA, Italy; Ospedale Luigi Sacco - Polo Universitario, Milan, MI, Italy; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, NA, Italy; Azienda per L'Assistenza Sanitaria N. 5 'Friuli Occidentale', Pordenone, Italy; Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, NA, Italy; Emergency Surgery Department, Policlinico Umberto I, Italy; Ospedale di Rho, Rho, MI, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliera S. Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, TO, Italy; Klaipeda Republic, Klaipeda, Lithuania; Taurage County Hospital, Taurage, Lithuania; Rokiskis District Municipality Hospital, Rokiskis, Lithuania; Department of General Surgery, Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universitetas, Kaunas, Kaunas, Lithuania; Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universitetas, Kaunas, Kaunas, Lithuania; Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom; Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; UPMC Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia; University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; The Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Ulster Hospital, Dundonald, Down, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; West Middlesex University Hospital, Isleworth, Middlesex, United Kingdom; Walsall Manor Hospital, Walsall, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom; Whiston Hospital, Prescot, Merseyside, United Kingdom; Darlington Memorial Hospital, Darlington, County Durham, United Kingdom; Hospital Luis Lagomaggiore, Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina; Blacktown & Mount Druitt Hospital, Blacktown, NSW, Australia; UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The Tweed Hospital, Tweed, NSW, Australia; Toowoomba Hospital, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia; Department of Surgery, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversitat, Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Lamb Hospital, Parbattipur, Bangladesh; Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga, Benin; PMMPMHAMB Hospital, Tutong, Brunei Darussalam; SSB Hospital, Brunei Darussalam; Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; Conjunto Hospitalar de Sorocaba, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; Hospital Da Santa Casa De Misericórdia De Vitória, Vitoria, ES, Brazil; Hospital De Caridade São De Paula, Sao, Brazil; Hospital Estadual Doutor Jayme Dos Santos Neves, Neves, Brazil; Hospital Estadual Doutor Jayme Santos Neves, Neves, Brazil; Hospital Estadual Dr Jayme Santos Neves, Neves, Brazil; Hospital Infantil Nosa Senhora Da Gloria, Brazil; Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; World Mate Emergency Hospital, Battambang, Battambang, Cambodia; Mbingo Baptist Hospital, Mbingo, Cameroon; The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Centre for Global Surgery, Centre Universitaire de Santé McGill, Montreal, QC, Canada; Hospital del Salvador, Santiago, Chile; Hospital Luis Tisne, Chile; Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Clínica CES, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Clinica Las Vegas, Medellin, Colombia; Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, San Vicente, Colombia; Ips Universitaria Clinica Leon Xiii, Leon, Colombia; General Hospital Zadar, Zadar, Croatia; Sibenik General Hospital, Sibenik, Croatia; Laboratorio Y Telemedicina, Dominican Republic; Al-Azhar University Hospital, New Damietta, Damietta, Egypt; Alexandria University Hospitals, Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt; El-Hussein University Hospital, El-Darrasa, Cairo, Egypt; Bab El-Shareia Hospital, Egypt; Benha University Hospital, Benha, Qalyubia, Egypt; Belbes Central Hospital, Egypt; El Dawly Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt; El Mahalla General Hospital, Tanta, Egypt; El Mataria Educational Hospital, Egypt; El-Menshawy Hospital, El-Menshawy, Egypt; Elshohadaa Central Hospital, El Menofia, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt; Menoufia University Hospitals, Shibin El Kom, Monufia, Egypt; Al-Minya University Hospital, Minya, Minya, Egypt; Damietta University, Damietta, Damietta, Egypt; Quweisna Central Hospital In Quweisna, Egypt; Ras El Tin General Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt; Shebin Elkom Teaching Hospital, Menofia, Egypt; Sohag University Hospitals, Sohag, Sohag, Egypt; Souad Kafafi University Hospital, Egypt; Suez Canal University Hospitals, Ismailia, Ismailia, Egypt; Suez General Hospital, Suez, Egypt; Talla Central Hospital, Egypt; Tanta University Hospitals, Tanta, Gharbia, Egypt; Zagazig University Hospitals, Zagazig, Sharqia, Egypt; Dessie Referral Hospital, Dessie, Ethiopia; Minilik Ii Hospital, Ethiopia; Myungsung Christian Medical Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Paris, Ile-de-France, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, Rennes, France; Hopital Des Enfants, Malades, France; Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France; Hopital Nord, France; Department of Pediatric Surgery, CHU Angers, Angers, Pays-de-la-Loire, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France; Robert Debré Children University Hospital, France; Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Offinso District Hospital, Ghana; General Surgery Department, University for Development Studies Ghana, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana; General Hospital of Volos, Volos, Thessaly, Greece; Attikon General Hospital, Greece; Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece; KAT Hospital, Athens, Greece; Laiko University Hospital, Greece; Larissa General Hospital, Larissa, Greece; General District Hospital of Serres, Serres, Greece; Hospital De Accidentes Ceibal, Guatemala; Cirugia De Emergencia, Hospital General de Enfermedades, San Juan, CA, Guatemala; Servicio De Cirugia Abdominal, Hospital General de Enfermedades, San Juan, CA, Guatemala; Hospital General San Juan de Dios, San Juan, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala; Hospital Juan Jose Arevalo Bermejo, Guatemala City, Guatemala; Hospital Regional De Retalhuleu, Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Hospital Roosevelt, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala; Prince of Wales Hospital Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; KMC Hospital, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, KL, India; Kovai Medical Center and Hospital, Coimbatore, TN, India; Kasturba Medical College, Mahe, India; Pes Institute Of Medical Sciences & Research, India; VMMC & Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India; SMS Medical College, Jaipur, RJ, India; SDM College of Medical Science and Hospital, Dharwad, KA, India; Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, MH, India; Travancore Medical College Hospital, KL, India; Atma Jaya Hospital, Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia; Universitas Indonesia, RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia; Al-Sader Medical City, Najaf, Iraq; Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Surgery, University of Mosul, Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq; Cork University Hospital, Cork, Munster, Ireland; Cork University Hospital, Cork, Munster, Ireland; University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Munster, Ireland; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland; Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Munster, Ireland; Midland Regional Hospital Mullingar, Mullingar, Leinster, Ireland; University College Cork, Cork, Munster, Ireland; Wexford General Hospital, Wexford, Wexford, Ireland; Ospedale Luigi Sacco - Polo Universitario, Milan, MI, Italy; Spedali Civili Di Brescia, Brescia, BS, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, MI, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, MI, Italy; Maggiore Hospital, Maggiore, Italy; Nicola Giannettasio Hospital, Rossano, Italy; Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, BG, Italy; San Bonifacio Hospital, San Bonifacio, Italy; Santa Croce Hospital, Santa Croce, Italy; St. Antonio Abate Hospital, Gallarate, VA, Italy; Santi Benvenuto E Rocco Hospital Asur, Italy; Ospedale di Treviglio, Treviglio, BG, Italy; Unita' Di Chirurgia D'urgenza Azienda Ospedaliera Salvini, Italy; Unit of General Surgery I, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, BG, Italy; Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, PG, Italy; Misurata Central Hospital, Misurata, Libya; Kaunas Clinical Hospital, Kaunas, Kaunas, Lithuania; Klaipedas Seaman Hospital, Lithuania; Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universitetas, Kaunas, Kaunas, Lithuania; Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universitetas, Kaunas, Kaunas, Lithuania; Republican Hospital of Kaunas, Kaunas, Lithuania; Republican Hospital of Panevezys, Panevezys, Panevezys, Lithuania; Republic Klaipeda Hospital, Klaipeda, Lithuania; Stasys Kudirka Regional Hospital Of Alytus, Alytus, Lithuania; Center of Abdominal Surgery, Vilniaus Universitetas, Vilnius, Vilnius, Lithuania; Vilniaus Universitetas, Vilnius, Vilnius, Lithuania; Vilniaus Universitetas, Vilnius, Vilnius, Lithuania; Vsi Jonavos Ligonine, Lithuania; Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Elizabeth, SA, Malawi; Hospital Kajang, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Mater Dei Hospital, Valletta, VLT, Malta; Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort-de-France, Martinique, Martinique; Hospital Español de Veracruz, Veracruz, MEX, Mexico; Hospital Central de Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique; Whangarei Hospital, Whangarei, NTL, New Zealand; Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun, Nigeria; Federal Medical Centre Nigeria, Gombe, Nigeria; Federal Medical Centre Nigeria, Gombe, Nigeria; Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; National Hospital, Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun, Nigeria; University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria; Ersta Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Universitetssykehuset i Trondheim, Trondheim, Trondelag, Norway; Soerlandet Hospital Kristiansand, Kristiansand, Norway; Stavanger Universitetssjukehus, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway; Universitetssykehuset Nord-Norge, Tromso, Norway; Sohar Hospital, Sohar, Al Batinah, Oman; Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Victoria, Pakistan; Dow University Hospital, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan; Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan; Indus Hospital & Health Network, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan; Hospital de Clínicas, Asuncion, Paraguay; Hospital Nacional Carlos Alberto Seguin Escobedo, EsSalud, Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru; Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, La Victoria, Lima, Peru; Hospital de Emergencias Pediátricas, Lima, Lima, Peru; Hospital Central de la Policía Nacional del Perú, Lima, Lima, Peru; Hospital Goyeneche, Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru; Hospital Ii -1 Minsa Moyobamba, Moyobamba, Peru; Hospital María Auxiliadora, Lima, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Carlos Alberto Seguin Escobedo, EsSalud, Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru; Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Lima, Peru; Hospital III Regional Honorio Delgado, Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru; Serviço de Cirurgia Geral, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Porto, Portugal; Chu Reunion, Reunion; County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Brasov, Brasov, 500326 Braşov, Romania; Emergency Clinical Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Spitalul Clinic De Copii Brasov, Brasov, Romania; CHUK, Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; San Marino State Hospital, Borgo Maggiore, San Marino; Buraidah Central Hospital, Buraidah, Al Qasim, Saudi Arabia; Imam Abdulrahman Al Faisal Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdulaziz Hospital - Al Ahsa, Al-Ahsa, Ash Sharqiyah, Saudi Arabia; King Abdulaziz Medical City - Riyadh, Riyadh, Riyad, Saudi Arabia; King Abdulaziz Medical City - Jeddah, Jeddah, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia; Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura, University Surgical Unit, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; King Abdulaziz Medical City - Riyadh, Riyadh, Riyad, Saudi Arabia; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia; King Fahd General Hospital, Jeddah, Makkah al Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia; King Fahad Hospital, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia; King Fahd Hospital, AlMadina, Saudi Arabia; King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Riyad, Saudi Arabia; King Khalid Hospital, King Khalid, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; King Abdulaziz Medical City - Jeddah, Jeddah, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia; Department of Surgery, King Saud University, Riyadh, Riyad, Saudi Arabia; National Guard Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Rcymc, Saudi Arabia; Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia; Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Frere Hospital, East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Groote Schuur, Observatory, South Africa; Department of Surgery, Helen Joseph Hospital, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Leratong Hospital, Krugersdorp, Gauteng Province, South Africa; Ngwelezana Hospital, Empangeni, South Africa; Rob Ferreira Hospital, Nelspruit, Mbombela, Mpumalanga, South Africa; Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla, Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Hospital San Agustin, Asturias, Asturias, Spain; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganes, Madrid, Spain; Department of General Surgery, The National Hospital Kandy, Kandy, Sri Lanka; National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Ibrahim Malik Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Jarash International Specialized Hospital, Sudan; Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, MD, Sudan; Omdurman Teaching Hospital, Omdurman, Khartoum, Sudan; Capio St Goran Hospital, Sweden; Danderyds Sjukhus, Danderyd, Stockholms, Sweden; Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Helsingborgs Lasarett, Helsingborg, Skane, Sweden; Hudiksvalls Sjukhus, Hudiksvall, Sweden; Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Stockholms, Sweden; Skaraborgs Sjukhus, Skovde, Vastra Gotaland, Sweden; Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Norrlands universitetssjukhus, Umea, Vasterbottens, Sweden; Sundsvall Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden; Vaexjoe Central Hospital, Sweden; Department of Surgery, Visby Hospital, Visby, Sweden; Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrkoping, Ostergotlands, Sweden; Central Hospital Vaxo, Vaxjo, Sweden; Bürgerspital Solothurn, Solothurn, Switzerland; Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, ZH, Switzerland; Kantonsspital Baden AG, Baden, AG, Switzerland; Kantonsspital Olten, Olten, Switzerland; Kreisspital Fuer Das Freiamt Muri Ag, Muri, Switzerland; Mbalizi Christian Designated Hospital, Tanzania; Harran Üniversitesi, Sanliurfa, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis Üniversitesi, Samsun, Turkey; Ordu Üniversitesi, Ordu, Turkey; Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom; Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Londonderry, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Queen's Hospital, Romford, Greater London, United Kingdom; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; Barnet Hospital, Barnet, Greater London, United Kingdom; Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Southend-on-Sea, Essex, United Kingdom; Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, United Kingdom; Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom; Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Antrim, Antrim, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Cheltenham General Hospital, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom; Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Chesterfield, Derbyshire, United Kingdom; East Suffolk and North Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom; Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Chester, Cheshire, United Kingdom; Craigavon Area Hospital, Portadown, Armagh, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Daisy Hill Hospital, Newry, Armagh, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom; Diana, Princess of Wales Hospital, Grimsby, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom; Doncaster Royal Infirmary, Doncaster, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom; Dorset County Hospital, Dorchester, Dorset, United Kingdom; NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom; Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary, Dumfries, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, United Kingdom; East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Evelina London Children's Healthcare, London, United Kingdom; Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert, Falkirk, Scotland, United Kingdom; Frimley Park Hospital, Frimley, Surrey, United Kingdom; George Eliot Hospital, Nuneaton, Warwickshire, United Kingdom; Gilbert Bain Hospital, Lerwick, Shetland, Scotland, United Kingdom; Glangwili General Hospital, Carmarthen, Carmarthen, Dyfed, Wales, United Kingdom; Southern General Hospital Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom; Good Hope Hospital, Hope, Suton Coldfield, United Kingdom; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Great Western Hospital, Swindon, Wiltshire, United Kingdom; University Hospital Hairmyres, East Kilbride, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom; University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom; County Hospital Hereford, Hereford, Herefordshire, United Kingdom; Hillingdon Hospital, Uxbridge, Greater London, United Kingdom; Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Inverclyde Royal Hospital, Greenock, Inverclyde, Scotland, United Kingdom; East Suffolk and North Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom; The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom; John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Kettering General Hospital, Kettering, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom; King George Hospital, Ilford, Greater London, United Kingdom; King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom; Leighton Hospital, Crewe, Cheshire, United Kingdom; The Lister Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Luton, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom; East Cheshire NHS Trust, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom; Morriston Hospital, Swansea, West Glamorgan, Wales, United Kingdom; NHS Ayrshire & Arran, Ayr, South Ayrshire, Scotland, United Kingdom; NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom; Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom; University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan; North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom; North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple, Devon, United Kingdom; Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Greater London, United Kingdom; Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Perth Royal Infirmary, Perth, Perth and Kinross, Scotland, United Kingdom; University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom; The Princess Alexandra Hospital, Harlow, Essex, United Kingdom; Princess of Wales Hospital, Ely, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom; Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Elizabeth, SA, United Kingdom; Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King's Lynn, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Elizabeth, SA, United Kingdom; Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, Highland, Scotland, United Kingdom; Royal Alexandria Hospital, Alexandria, United Kingdom; Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom; Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, Derbyshire, United Kingdom; Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom; Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom; The Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Llantrisant, Mid Glamorgan, Wales, United Kingdom; Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, Gwent, United Kingdom; Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Manchester, United Kingdom; Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; The Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Royal United Hospital, Bath, Avon, United Kingdom; Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom; Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, West Bromwich, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom; Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton in Ashfield, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom; Southend University Hospital, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex, United Kingdom; Southern General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Southmead Hospital Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Southmead Hospital Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; St James's University Hospital, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; St Mary's Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Stockport NHS Foundation Trust, Stockport, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom; St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, Gwent, United Kingdom; Worthing Hospital, Worthing, West Sussex, United Kingdom; Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom; Pilgrim Hospital Boston, Boston, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom; University Hospital Coventry, Coventry, West Midlands, United Kingdom; University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom; University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, Wales, United Kingdom; Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom; Watford General Hospital, Watford, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Western General Hospital, Hull, Somerset, United Kingdom; University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing, West Sussex, United Kingdom; Weston General Hospital, Weston-Super-Mare, Somerset, United Kingdom; Whipps Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom; University Hospital Wishaw, Wishaw, Lanarkshire, United Kingdom; Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Wrexham, Clwyd, Wales, United Kingdom; Yeovil District Hospital, Yeovil, Somerset, United Kingdom; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Washington Hospital Center, Washington, D.C., DC, United States; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States; Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States; Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; UPMC Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; St. Francis Hospital Katete, Katete, Zambia; Spitali Rajonal Shkoder, Shkoder, Albania; Hospital Interzonal de Agudos Simplemente Evita, Gonzalez Catan, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Luis Lagomaggiore, Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina; Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, NT, Australia; Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Port Macquarie Base Hospital, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia; Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia; Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia; Borders General Hospital, Melrose, Scottish Borders, Scotland, United Kingdom; Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College & Hospital, Bangladesh; Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Armed Forces Medical College, Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Birdem Bang. Ins. Of Res. And Rehabilitation In Diabetes Endocrine And Metabolic Disorder Gen. Hos., Bangladesh; Queen Elizabeth Hospital Bridgetown, Bridgetown, Barbados; Gomel Regional Clinical Hospital, Gomel, Gomel, Belarus; City Hospital, Mozyr, Belarus; University Hospital, Amsterdam, United Kingdom; Maistone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, United Kingdom; Clinique Vignon, Benin; Hopital El Fateh, Benin; Hospital Saint Luc, Benin; Princess Marina Hospital, Marina, Botswana; Hopital Militaire De Kamenge, Burundi; Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom; Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, United Kingdom; Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China; Clínica CES, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny, Gwent, United Kingdom; Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, San Vicente, Colombia; Kettering General Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kettering, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom; Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt; Menoufia University Hospitals, Shibin El Kom, Monufia, Egypt; Beni Suef University Hospital, Beni Suef, Beni Suef, Egypt; Alexandria University Hospitals, Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt; Alexandria University, Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt; Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig, Sharqia, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, Gharbia, Egypt; El-Menshawy General Hospital, El Gharbeya, Egypt; Western Isles Hospital, Stornoway, Isle of Lewis, Na h-Eileanan Siar, Scotland, United Kingdom; Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha, Egypt; October 6th University Hospital, 6th October, Giza, Egypt; Bab El-Shareia University Hospital, Egypt; The Memorial Soaad Kafafi University Hospital, Egypt; Assiut University, Asyut, Asyut, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Ismailia, Ismailia, Egypt; Smouha University Hospital, Egypt; North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn, Harju, Estonia; College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Hopital Trousseau, Tours, France; GHICL, Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France; CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, Occitanie, France; CHU de Limoges, Limoges, France; CHU Martinique, France; CHU Amiens Picardie, Amiens, France; Cochin - APHP, France; CHU de Caen Normandie, Caen, Normandie, France; CHU Rouen Normandie, Rouen, Normandie, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France; Centre Hospitalier Robert Ballanger CHRB, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Etienne, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; CHU Angers, Angers, Pays-de-la-Loire, France; Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France; Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Northern, Ghana; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; St. Particks Hospital, Ghana; Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Central Region, Ghana; Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Baptist Medical Center, Nalerigu, Ghana; Keta Hospital District Hospital, Keta, Ghana; Techiman Holy Family Hospital, Ghana; Berekum Holy Family Hospital, Ghana; Upper West Regional Hospital, Washington, D.C., Upper West Region, Ghana; Samapa Government Hospital, Ghana; Upper East Regional Hospital, Bolgatanga, Ghana; St. Mary's Hospital, Ghana; Essumejaman Sda Hospital, Dominase, Ghana; Dormaa Presbyterian Hospital, Dormaa Ahenkro, Ghana; Brongho-Ahafo Regional Hospital, Sunyani, Ghana; Naval and Veterans Hospital, Chania, Greece; Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Maidstone, Kent, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, General Hospital of Nafplio, Nafplion, Greece; G. Gennimatas Hospital, Greece; St. Savvas Cancer Hospital, Greece; General and Oncology Hospital of Kifissia 'Agioi Anargyroi', Athens, Greece; Larissa General Hospital, Larissa, Greece; Department of Surgery, Aretaio Hospital, Athens, Attica, Greece; G. Gennimatas General Hospital, Athens, Greece; Department of Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece; John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom; Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom; Juan Josè Arevalo Bermejo, Guatemala; Hospital San Vicente, San Vicente, Guatemala; Hospital Herrera Llerandi, Guatemala, Guatemala; Hopital Universitaire De Mirebalais, Haiti, Haiti; Prince of Wales Hospital Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, UP, India; Excelcare Hospital, Bengaluru, India; Manipal Health Enterprises Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru, KA, India; Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali, HP, India; Atma Jaya Hospital, Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia; Dr. Oen Surakarta Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia;